Intergrated public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intergrated public health - Essay Example althy life expectancy, life expectancy at birth for males and females, as well as inequality in the life expectancy during birth in both females and males. This data is essential to public health workers since it offers the real figure of the population in Newham. Data collected helps public health workers to budget on how to attend to the community. Local authorities Marmot Indicators were developed in order to offer information that supports monitoring the strategic direction, which reduces health inequalities. The Health Equity Institute in collaboration with the England’s Public Health launched marmot Indicators 2014 (Pfeffer, 2010, p. 78) They are the social health determinants, social inequality and health outcomes, which broadly correspond to a number of policy recommendations that are proposed in Healthy Lives in any Fair Society. Data offered to public health workers greatly benefits public health workers since it covers households that do not reach a minimum income standard. Additionally, it tackles work related illness in Newham, fuel poverty for the high cost of fuel in households, unemployment levels, mature individuals that are not employed, trained or educated as well as percentage of individuals that use outdoor locations for health reasons and exercises (Meerabeau & Wright, 2011, p.

1.Appreciate important issues in computer system design such as speed Essay

1.Appreciate important issues in computer system design such as speed and flexibility and be able to demonstrate an understanding of the organisational principles of current computer systems - Essay Example In the mid 1970’s when the personal computer was not as common as the current times, computing attacks were done on the telephone systems for example John Draper hacked the AT&T system to make free long distance calls. Randy (2009) pointed out that he achieved to get through the respective system by a simple whistle which he got in a cereal box. Later, he came to be known as Captain Krunch. Different types of attacks have been witnessed over the years and have gotten more sophisticated with the advent of new technology. By the end of 1970s, personal computers became comparatively more accessible than earlier. This marked the start of spam emails; first spam email was sent in 1978 on ARPAnet by the CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation to disable a new computer. The spam in those times generally consisted of advertisements or promotions unlike the financial gain objectives that are hidden in them now. The current motives behind spam deal with far more severe aspects for e.g. identity frauds, online scams. Personal email addresses databases are maintained by many companies these days. Spam is sent to these recipients without their consent or permission with the alias of different forms to make them look professional. These kinds of spam emails transformed into phishing by the year 1996 and consisted of content like the announcement of winning of a lottery by the recipient or an official letter from his respective bank to update his personal details. The recipient enters his personal information in res ponse, thinking that it is a genuine banking process. The email scammer gains the recipient’s personal information as well as banking information that can be used in any desired malicious activity. The stealing of personal information has led to the most appalling of the cyber crimes which is â€Å"identity theft†. According to the statistics provided by the Javelin Strategy & Research Center

Self Assessment Essay Example for Free

Self Assessment Essay What did this exercise reveal about you to yourself? The description of the four types of personal orientation to others, named as competitors, individualists, cooperators, and equalizers is another way to understand our unique preferences and how we respond to others (Greenberg, 2013). This exercise indicated an individualist disposition with cooperators coming in second. Since the overall concern or motivation for an individualist is the outcomes related to self, the question now is regarding job motivation. How does this relate to the current job choice since this exercise ended in a self-revelation unbeknownst to me? Regardless of ones personal orientation, effective communication has key elements, which is accountability, professional, brief and sincere (Marques, 2010). Prior to this assignment, if asked about job choice motivation it appeared that it was to help others; therefore the self-assessment gives a total different view. Persons high in individualism cooperate only under some conditions when there is a benefit to self. Were you surprised at what you learned, or was it something you already knew? After reading the chapter it surprised me arriving at the higher score of individualist due to the overall emphasis and concern for others depicted by working in a non-profit whose main objective is helping those who cannot help themselves. Cooperative is not a word that would be used to describe my personality but could be in certain situations. On the other hand, self-views related to conflict, is of acceptance, since it seems to come and go, being an inevitable part of life whether in the business world or at home. Growing up there was a lot of conflicts from having a house with nine passionate Italian children. Someone was always arguing and disagreeing which seems natural to me. When looking at the opposite of cooperative, uncooperative could be used. These two polar opposites cause conflict. Therefore, could it be that those who are accepting of conflict may be viewed as ncooperative. Conflict is related to issues not people since it is the difference of opinion causing the conflicting views. Do you tend to maintain the same orientation most of the time or are there occasions in which you change from one orientation to another? What do you think this means? Maintaining the individualistic orientation is common in most situations yet there are times that other orientations dominate. Generally stating, it is common for me, in most situations to view each person as unique and taking the role of helper. This stems from growing up as the second in line of nine children. It was also common coming from a big family of mostly boys, to focus on my preference since it seemed as if the girls and boys were pitted against each other on opposite sides. My brothers were always teasing and name-calling and I was very sensitive. My sisters are 10 and 15 years younger, so there wasn’t an ally for a long time leaving me to not only fend for myself but having five brothers against one sister. When we get together as a large family, the competitor rises to the occasion. Many times we will play music and sing. All of us are competitive when in game mode whether poker or karaoke. The equalizer is another personal orientation that I occasionally identify based on relevant situations. This comes and goes mirrored within the role of caretaking my younger siblings being the responsible older sister. This exercise was highly informative in gaining perspective of the various methods used to understand those in our world including ourselves.

Impact of Economic Competitiveness on Wages

Impact of Economic Competitiveness on Wages The growth of low wage jobs is inevitable as national governments seek to promote economic competitiveness. Discuss. Introduction This essay discusses the hypothesis that governmental policies aimed at improving a nation’s relative performance in the global economy must lead to an increase in the low paid jobs. If considered in a global context the subject covers a wide spectrum. So the essay considers the United Kingdom’s (UK) economic experiences from the late 1970’s, with particular emphasis on the Thatcher era from 1979-1990 when the foundations for the UK’s economic reforms were laid. The profound change in economic management coupled with the rapid advances in communications and information technology has accelerated the effects of â€Å"globalisation† and led to severe disruption in the UK labour market. Evidence exists that the erosion of the bargaining power of employees due to the twin effects of government policy and globalisation has exacerbated the decrease in real earnings amongst the less skilled workforce. However this vulnerability can be partially off-set by some of the benefits due to improvements in the UK’s international economic competitiveness and an effective mix of domestic labour market policies. Economic Competitiveness: A Definition For centuries, international trade has been the bedrock of the UK’s prosperity. Economists have long debated the effect of government policies on trade and national prosperity. In 1817 during the first stirrings of the industrial revolution David Ricardo developed an argument which can be summarised as: â€Å"The classical theory of international trade and its role in economic development is based on the principle of comparative advantage. The comparative advantage paradigm states that a country performs better by concentrating on the production of those goods and services for which it possesses a comparative advantage over others, and then trade those goods for those of other countries.†[1] Modern economic theory still supports the basic tenets of Ricardo’s argument, which was primarily developed as an attack on government’s protectionist agricultural policies at the time. Recent research, however, goes a step further. Michael Porter devised the concept of National Advantage [2] which argues that governments have a significant role to play in enhancing a nation’s comparative advantage when competing in the global economy. His â€Å"Diamond of National Advantage† (below) suggests that perusing policies that enhance company performance by, say, strict product standards, stimulating demand for advanced products, focusing on factor creation, with improved worker skills and stimulating rivalry by enforcing antitrust legislation will support the development of a strong and internationally competitive trading economy. The UK Experience After the Second World War the UK government pursued policies to reduce unemployment through subsidies, direct support for industry, including nationalisation of some economically challenged sectors such as coal-mining, railways and a major automotive manufacturer, limiting external competition through protectionism. Trade policy was largely governed by favouring Commonwealth countries, through the â€Å"Commonwealth Preference† arrangements. This approach was largely self-defeating as suggested by the Economist as early as 1960. â€Å"A comprehensive system involving the granting of large margins of preference might be expected to have results of two kinds: it should ensure to exporters a larger share of the market than they would otherwise obtain, or enable them to charge higher prices for their goods than in non-preferential markets. An examination of Commonwealth Preference suggests that its effects in both directions are more limited than is implied by the support which it commands in the Commonwealth and the hostility it sometimes arouses in non-Commonwealth countries.† [3] In particular, it was in conflict with some of the concepts of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, (GATT) formed in 1947 to promote economic recovery after the war by reducing barriers in international trade, particularly the reduction in tariff barriers. The UK economy prospered under this regime particularly in the late 50’s and early 60’s but by the 70’s the cracks were beginning to show. By the mid 70’s it was obvious this economic model was not in tune with the needs of a modern nation in a rapidly changing world. Some of the old tenets were under scrutiny and the entrenched bastions of economic power were at loggerheads. In particular, the power of the union movement and the entrenched conservatism and resistance to change of management in the traditional industries such as coal, rail and manufacturing led to conflict and industrial disputation which were ruinous to the economic health of the nation. Successive governments failed to address the underlying economic causes of the problems, until Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979 with a new approach to economic governance. Her philosophy was not necessarily based on economic theory, although some of her advisors and ministers were well versed in Keynesian economics. Her government embarked on a series of structural economic reforms including the privatisation of government-owned industries, deregulation of large swathes of UK economic activity, particularly financial services and the pursuance of an aggressive free trade agenda. â€Å"What became known as Thatcherism may have been an agenda which benefited corporate capital, as left critiques emphasize, but its ideological formulation was populist and it employed the petty bourgeois values of thrift, hard work, and family solidarity as the central justifications for privatization, tax cuts, reduction of state expenditure, and hostility to trade unions.†[4] Since that period it is true to say that â€Å"Thatcherism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦was†¦. to become the ruling consensus of the British government . soon established and exported around the world[5] It is interesting to note that Thatcher’s economic policies predated Porter’s research outlined in section 2, as Hood and Young observed: â€Å"While what has occurred falls short of a systemic approach to counteract market-distorting behavior or to build up created assets, there is little doubt that there have been consistent themes pursued since the Conservative government came to power in 1979. Deregulation, privatization, the restructuring of the handling of labour disputes, and so on have been driven by a clear philosophy concerning the role of the market and the negative economic and social effects of certain types of market distortions†[6] Effect on Employment and Wages As the Thatcher reforms began to bite, the short-term results reverberated around the UK. For example the industrial midlands in the late 70’s was the heart of the automotive and machine tool manufacturing industries. By the mid 80’s it was an industrial wasteland with acres of empty and derelict factory space with many thousands of workers displaced or redundant. This picture was repeated in many communities previously reliant on â€Å"smokestack† industries in the north and west of the UK. Anecdotal evidence suggested many of those displaced from manufacturing jobs had joined the informal self-employed workforce and those still in full-time employment had migrated to low-wage jobs in service industries such as retailing. This is backed up by comments from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which reports: â€Å"The labour market plays a crucial role in reaping potential gain from globalisation by facilitating a shift of jobs from decli ning sectors or occupations to expanding ones, in line with the changes in comparative advantage. However, this labour market adjustment is not always smooth because many workers displaced from declining sectors are poorly positioned to move into newly-created jobs in export sectors, which may be located in different regions or require different qualifications†[7] The International Labour Organisation (ILO) also echoes a similar theme: â€Å"Policies aimed at increasing competitiveness by lowering unit labour costs should consider the potential consequences on either workers (via wages) or firms and economic growth (via productivity). For example, on the one hand, an excessive and long-run emphasis on wage moderation may threaten a country’s productivity growth rate as it might discourage innovation and investment in human capital†[8] In the longer term, however the overall benefits to the UK economy were substantial. The shift from a manufacturing to serviced based economy has brought significant benefits to the nation. â€Å"The UK, a leading trading power and financial centre, is one of the quintet of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. Since emerging from recession in 1992, Britains economy has enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record; growth has remained in the 2-3% range since 2004, outpacing most of Europe.†[9] Not everyone has benefited from this development. In relative terms the rich have got richer whereas the lower-paid workers have seen their relative position decline. â€Å"The UKs growth in wealth equality has been the fastest among the worlds 30 richest and most developed countries. But in 2005, when the organisation compiled its latest data, the UK remained a more unequal society than three-quarters of OECD countries, with the richest 10% earning nine times more than the poorest 10%.†[10] Striking the Balance Based on the UK government’s experience, seeking to promote economic competitiveness can be beneficial for the national economy overall. â€Å"Open trade and investment policies can be a powerful force for raising living standards. Economists have long emphasised this point and it is confirmed by much research. For example, the OECD’s Growth Study estimated that a 10 percentage point increase in trade openness translates over time into an increase of around 4% in per capita income in the OECD area.†[11] However to mitigate the disruptive effects of such aggressive economic policies, suitable social policies should go hand in hand. For example policies to enhance labour mobility and relocation, income security packages linked to retraining to increase re-employment options, skill-development programs and minimum wage policies to limit low-pay traps. A balanced policy approach can help offset the growth and pervasiveness of low wage jobs. Bibliography Fidelis Ezeala-Harrison, Theory and Policy of International Competitiveness, page 4 Greenwood Publishing Group Michael E. Porter The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, 1998 Economist Intelligence Unit, The Commonwealth and Europe (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1960.) Philip Abbott, Leadership by Exemplar: Reagans FDR and Thatchers Churchill, Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.2 (1997) Simon Jenkins, Thatcher and Sons, page 1, Allen Lane 2006 Neil Hood, and Stephen Young, 8 The United Kingdom, Governments, Globalization, and International Business, ed. John H. Dunning (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) Globalisation, Jobs and Wages, Policy Brief, OECD, June 2007 ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market KILM 4th Edition 2005 Central Intelligence Agency Office of Public Affairs Washington, D.C. 20505 The Guardian, Wednesday October 22 2008 Globalisation, Jobs and Wages, Policy Brief, OECD, June 2007 Footnotes [1] Fidelis Ezeala-Harrison, Theory and Policy of International Competitiveness, page 4 Greenwood Publishing Group [2] Michael E. Porter The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, 1998 [3] Economist Intelligence Unit, The Commonwealth and Europe (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1960.) [4] Philip Abbott, Leadership by Exemplar: Reagans FDR and Thatchers Churchill, Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.2 (1997) [5] Simon Jenkins, Thatcher and Sons, page 1, Allen Lane 2006 [6] Neil Hood, and Stephen Young, 8 The United Kingdom, Governments, Globalization, and International Business, ed. John H. Dunning (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) [7] Globalisation, Jobs and Wages, Policy Brief, OECD, June 2007 [8] ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market KILM 4th Edition 2005 [9] Central Intelligence Agency Office of Public Affairs Washington, D.C. 20505 [10] The Guardian, Wednesday October 22 2008 [11] Globalisation, Jobs and Wages, Policy Brief, OECD, June 2007

Film vs Literature :: Technology, Film, DVD

Since the beginning of film, technology has played an important role in the evolution of the medium. Film, much more so than literature, relies on the ever-changing nature of technological development to stay relevant. In 1980 when Seymour Chatman wrote â€Å"What Novels Can Do That Films Can’t (And Vice Versa),† there were no such thing as DVD players and the VCR was a newly introduced, and thus non-perfected, product. Today when viewing a film, one has the luxury of returning to previous scenes immediately and effortlessly in order to further soak in and contemplate filmic choices. In his essay, Chatman focuses too heavily on narrative drive and, in saying that film cannot describe, does not give full merit to the idea of returning to and repeating a film for purpose of textual analysis. In direct contrast to Chatman’s views are those of Laura Mulvey. In her book â€Å"Death 24x a Second,† she champions the delay of film as a way to inscribe significance onto the piece. This delay is achieved mostly through the act of rewatching scenes or freezing frames to parse through some of the more subtle details of the shot. Chatman agrees that â€Å"looking at a single frame enables us to examine it at our leisure,† but he does not find a contradiction in this act (448). His argument involves looking at a short story that is also a film of the same name, â€Å"Une Partie de campagne.† He says that films do not allow time to â€Å"dwell on plenteous details,† but only after he dwells on the plenteous details of a shot in the film (448). Details are a point both Chatman and Mulvey spend time discussing. Mulvey says that the mise en scà ¨ne is where â€Å"the ‘unsaid’ and ‘unspeakable’ find cinematic expression† (Mulvey 146). The â€Å"unsaid† and â€Å"unspeakable† are undoubtedly the minute details of the scene that may only become apparent after multiple viewings or through pausing. She goes on to say that the mise en scà ¨ne â€Å"[contributes] a kind of cinematic commentary or description, inscribing into the scene significance that goes beyond the inarticulate consciousness of characters† (Mulvey 147). For Mulvey, the key is for viewers to find meaning in a film through the details of the scene, which may not be evident the first time. But is the â€Å"pressure from the narrative component† that Chatman refers to so insurmountable that details cannot be explored in a film?

Tom Sawyer :: essays research papers

Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer is a boy who is full of adventures. In his world there is an adventure around every corner. Some of his adventures have lead him into some bad situations but with his good heart and bright mind he has gotten out of them. Tom lives with his aunt Polly, his cousin Mary and his bother Sid. One of the first things to happen in the book is a memorable one, the painting of the fence.   Tom's aunt Polly made Tom paint her fence on a Saturday as a punishment.   Tom just hated the idea of having to work on a Saturday while all of the neighborhood could make fun of and harass him.   After Tom tried to trade some of his possessions for a few hours of freedom he had a stroke of genius, instead of him paying people to work for him, he made people pay him to paint.   Tom managed this by telling people that it isn't every day that you get a chance to paint a fence and he thought it was fun.   He had people begging him to paint by the time that he was finished his story. He would have taken every boy in the town's wealth if he had not run out of paint. On June 17th about the hour of midnight, Tom and his best friend Huck were out in the grave yard trying to get rid of warts, when they witnessed a murder by Injun Joe. At the time Muff Potter was drunk and asleep so Injun Joe blamed the murder him (Muff Potter). They knew if crazy Injun Joe found out they knew, he would for sure kill them.   Tom wrote on a   wooden board "Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer swear to keep mum about this and they wish they may drop down dead in their tracks if they ever tell and rot", then in their own blood they signed their initials TS and HF. A few days after that incident Tom, Huck and Joe decided to go and become pirates because no one cared for their company anymore.   They stole some food and supplies and then they stole a raft and paddled to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River.   They stayed and pirated for several days, then they all became so home sick that they could not bear it anymore.   The next day Tom, Huck, and Joe showed up for their own funerals and there was much thanks and praise. The next big event in the town was the trial of Muff Potter for the

Greed and Power in Macbeth Essay

Macbeth’s ambition is the sole cause of the whole tragedy. Do you agree? From reading the novel Macbeth it is evident that Macbeth’s ambition is one of the sole causes of the whole tragedy but not the only sole cause. Though he has thought about murdering Duncan, his only motive for murdering Duncan is â€Å"vaulting ambition† which shows that without the persuasions of his wife the whole tragedy would have never happened. Lady Macbeth often seems to control Macbeth by manipulating him or by direct order. Her plans work with remarkable effectiveness, overriding all his objections and questioning his manhood when he hesitates to murder, until he feels he has to commit murder to prove himself. It is her deep-seated ambition, rather than her husband’s that ultimately propels the plot of the play by goading Macbeth to murder Duncan. The Witches prophecy is also a sole cause in the tragedy because it fuels Macbeth’s ambition and gives him an overwhelming desire for power. We first hear of Macbeth as a brave and capable warrior (from the Bloody Captain). However after meeting with the witches we can see that he has consuming ambition and a tendency to self-doubt. This is shown after he is prophesised to be King by the Three Witches. The prediction that he is going to be King brings him great joy but also inner turmoil as he imagines himself killing Duncan. Macbeth’s ambition is powerful and he does not need any help coming up with the idea of murdering Duncan, but it seems unlikely that he would have committed the murder without his wife’s powerful taunts and persuasions. Before he kills Duncan, Macbeth is plagued by worry and almost aborts the crime. It takes Lady Macbeth’s steely sense of purpose to push him into the deed. However desperate he is for that crown he would not have murdered Duncan. This suggests that unlike Lady Macbeth, he has a conscience. And this comes to trouble him along with uncontrollable guilt after murdering Duncan. Lady Macbeth is stronger, more ruthless and more ambitious than her husband. After reading the letter sent to her by Macbeth she is already plotting Duncan’s murder. She is convinced that he is too moral to commit the murder, saying that he is â€Å"too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness†. .At one point she wishes that she were not a woman so that she could do it herself. Even her husband implies that she is a masculine soul inhabiting a female body. Although she appears to hold herself together after the murder and steadies her husband’s nerves immediately after the rime has been perpetrated, saying â€Å"what’s done, is done. † and merely trying to treat Macbeth’s guilty hallucinations with the blandest possible palliative. Afterwards however she begins a slow slide into madness. As she sleepwalks she mutters, as if to Macbeth, â€Å"What’s done cannot be undone†. Just as ambition affects her more strongly than Macbeth before the crime, so does guilt plague her more strongly afterward. Sh e has been reduced to sleepwalking through the castle, desperately trying to wash away an invisible bloodstain. Once the guilt truly gets to her she commits suicide showing her inability to deal with their past crimes The Three Witches lurk like dark thoughts and unconscious temptations to evil. Their mischief is a combination of two things- their supernatural powers and their ability to understand the weakness of their targets—they play upon Macbeth’s ambition like puppeteers. Despite the absurdity of their â€Å"eye of newt and toe of frog† recipes, they are clearly the most dangerous characters in the play, being immensely powerful and extremely wicked. The prediction (if it is a prediction) they tell Macbeth compels him to ponder on killing his King. Macbeth kills many thinking that he is invincible because the witches said that Macbeth can’t be killed unless that man is born of a woman. When Birnam Wood moves to Dunsinane, Macbeth knows that he is going to be killed. The Witches prophecy, along with Lady Macbeth’s ruthlessness and ambition are the causes for the tragedy. Macbeth shows us that too much ambition and thirst for power will lead to your ultimate destruction.