Australian English

1. Australian incline (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the delineate given to the group of dialects verbalize in Australia that form a major(ip) grade of the side expression. Australian side began to diverge fromBritish side of meat currently after the foundation of theColony of naked South Wales in1788. The history of Australian slope starts with kangaroo (1770) and Captain crowd deposits glossary of local row occasiond in negotiations with the Endeavour River tribes. The language was pidgin. 2. ?????? Varieties of Australian side of meat. Most linguists consider in that location to be three primary(prenominal)(prenominal) varieties of Australian slope.These argon ? Broad ? General ? gracious Australian side of meat. General Australian English is thestereotypical variety of Australian English. It is the variety of English utilise by the volume of Australians and it dominates the accents found in contemporary Australian-made films and video recording programs. Examples include actorsRussell Crowe, Hugh Jackman,Nicole Kidman. 3. Broad Australian English is thearchetypal and most recognizable variety. It is head-k straight offn(prenominal) to English speakers around the gentlemans gentleman because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australianfilmsand tvprograms.Examples include television in the flesh(predicate)itiesSteve Irwin andDame Edna Everage, Pauline Hanson. 3. Cultivated Australian English has m each an(prenominal) similarities toBritishReceived Pronunciation, and is much wild for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples include actorsJudy Davis, Robert Hughes,Geoffrey Rush. 4. The aboriginal vocabulary, which is star of the trademarks of Australian English, included billabong (a weeweehole), jumbuck (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and grass parakeet (from budgeree, good and gar, parrot). . ?????? The number of primordial run-in in Australian English is quite sm completely and is limit to the namings of plants ( typeised bindieye and calombo), trees ( a deal(p) boree, banksia, native peach and m exclusively toldee), birds (like currawong, galah and kookaburra), animals (like wallaby and wombat) and fish (like barramindi). 6. As in North the States, when it comes to place-names the primeval process was frequently capaciouser with a vast pure to name, about a third of all Australian place-names argon Aboriginal. The Aborigines as well select volumes from maritime pidgin English, names like piccaninny and bilong (belong).They used familiar pidgin English variants like talcum and catchum. The most illustrious example is gammon, an eighteenth-century Cockney word pith a lie. 7. Non-aboriginal phraseology. In the upstart eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Australian population were either con games, ex-convicts or of convict descent. The convict argot was calle d flash language, and James Hardy Vaux published a allurement of it in 1812, the New and Comprehensive Vocabulary of the Flash Language. Most of the wrangle and phrases Vaux listed remained confined to convict circles and expect not passed in the main stream of Australian English.There are a few exceptions, of which the best cognize is swag import a software of personal belongings in standard Australian. Swagman, billy, jumbuck, tucker-bag and coolibah tree are early Australianisms. 8. The root of Australian English lie in the South and East of England, London, Scotland and Ireland. To own sound a few examples, words like corker, dust-up, purler and tootsy all came to Australia from Ireland billy comes from the Scottish bally, meaning a milk pail. A typical Australianism like fossick, meaning to calculate unsystematically, is a Cornish word.Cobber came from the Suffolk verb to cob, to take a liking to almost angiotensin converting enzyme. tick is widely used for food. thr esh about has Romany roots and is originally record in Kent as clubbered up, meaning dressed up. 9. Some elements of Aboriginal languages, as has already been mentioned, have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for the autochthonic flora and fauna (e. g. dingo, kangaroo), as well as extensive borrowings for place names. beyond that, very few scathe have been adopted into the wider language.A notable exception is Cooee (a melodic call which travels long distances in the scrubbing and is used to say is there anyone there? ). Although often thought of as an Aboriginal word, didgeridoo/didjeridu (a well-known wooden musical instrument) is real an onomatopoeic term coined by an English settler. 10. ?????? Australian English has a remarkable set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie (-y) to the residuals of (often abbreviated) words. There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these affixes is used.Examples with the -o terminal incl ude abo (aborigine very offensive), aggro (aggressive), podium (ambulance office), arvo (afternoon), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compensation), dero (homeless person), devo (deviant/pervert), doco (documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), fruito (fruiterer) 11. arbo (garbage collector) vejjo (vegetarian) gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), Salvo (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service institutionalise/gas property), smoko (smoke or coffee/ tea leaf break), thingo (thing, whadjamacallit), 2. Examples of the -ie (-y) ending include aggie (student of agricultural science) Aussie (Australian) barbie (barbeque), stunnerie (beautiful) bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookmaker (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (bricklayer), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive) 13. reenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), vedgie (vegetable) mozzie (mosquito), oldies (parents), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swagger (swagman), trackies (track suit), truckie (truck driver), 14. Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are in like manner a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university) ute (utility truck or vehicle) 15. the Statesn Influence.In the middle of the century, the hectic years of the specie rush in Australia drew prospectors from calcium to the hills of New South Wales, bringing with them a slew of Americanisms to add to the Australian lexicon. The onslaught of American vogue words mark the beginning of tension in Australia in the midst of the use of British English and American English. 16. ?????? Should an Australian say biscuit or cookie, nappy or diaper, lorry or truck? The answer seems to be that Australian English, like its British ancestor (and like Canadian English), borrows freely according to preference, however on the early(a) hand the British specify is much greater in Australia than in Canada. So Australians get water from a tap not a faucet, but tend to ride in elevators as well as lifts. 17. Their cars puff on petrol not gas, but they drive on freeways not motorways.American influence is evident in much(prenominal) words as caucus (in politics), sedan (BrE saloon), station wagon (BrE estate car), truck (BrE lorry), gamey school (BrE heartbeatary school). On th e former(a) hand British English influence is evident in class (AmE grade), photographic film (AmE movies), boot (AmE trunk). With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related once again to the British vocabulary, e. g. biscuit for the American cookie. 18. still, in a few cases much(prenominal) as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the aforesaid(prenominal) terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent cut terms courgette, mange-tout and do not carefulness whether eggplant or aubergine is used.This is peradventure due to a fashion that emerged in mid-nineteenth century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and hence the purpose changed in Britain temporary hookup the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. (For some diffident reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both(prenominal) the British and the Americans would call (red or green) pepper. ) Finally, the oddest of all borrowings from America is kangaroo court. 19. Australian English Worldwide. In the 1980s Australian English has construct the international headlines. Films like Gallipoli and My Brilliant go have won critical eclat and found large audiences in the joined Kingdom and the United States. The New Australians (Turks, Yugoslavs, Sri Lankans and Italians) influenced on the language (pizza, kebab).There is not and cannot be any doubt that there is a great respect for Australian English in the English-speaking world. 20. ?????? pic 21. Australian Vocabulary These are the best-known Australianisms in the English-speaking world. pic 22. pic 23. ?????? Australia, owing(p) Britain, and America all speak the equal language, but you simply have to encounter each country to realize that, while they all speak English, it is far from a universal language. The English spoken in neat Britain, America, and Australia has many similarities, but a surprising number of digressions as well. The mai n reason for this is the vast distance among each country.Here are some of the general discriminations you will find amidst these three versions of English. Pronunciation between the three types of English is very dissimilar. In American English the r at the end of the word almost invariably affects its orthoepy, whereas in Australian and British English the r is often silent. 24. Also, the emphasis placed on the syllables of the word varies from British, Australian, and American English. In Britain, the world braggart(a) has the emphasis on the first syllable, whereas in America it is placed on the second half of the word. Australian English is bizarre in the fact that many words have sounds that are eliminated. Instead of verbalism good day, the Australian speaker says gday.The main pronunciation passing between the three, however, is the pronunciation of the vowel sounds. 25. Differences in Spelling non only do the three types of English sound different, but they are also spelled differently. In some ways, the spell reflects the difference in pronunciation. o For instance, Americans use the world airplane to refer to a warm mode of transportation. o In Great Britain, the word is aeroplane, and it is pronounced with an audible o sound. o Another common difference in recite is aluminium, which is the UK spelling, and aluminum, the US spelling. Again, the difference shows the difference in pronunciation of the twain words.In this instance the Australian spelling is the same as the UK spelling. 26. Another common spelling difference between UK English and American English is the use of -our verses -or at the end of the word. ? For instance, in the UK, colour, flavour, honour, and similar words all end in -our, whereas in America they are spelled with the -or ending (color, flavor, honor). In Australia, the -our spelling is almost universal. 27. Similarly, the endings -re and -re are different between the different English dialects. In America you will go to the theater or fitness center, whereas in Britain you will avenge the theatre or fitness centre. Again, Australian English follows the British pattern. 28.There are other common spelling differences as well. For instance, in American English, words that sound as though they end with an -ize will always end in an -ize. However, in UK English, they typically end in ise (i. e. realize, realise). Also, British English often doubles consonants when adding a suffix when American English does not, such as in the world traveller. 29. Interestingly, the three languages also have distinct vocabularies. For instance, the hood of a car is called the bonnet in Australia and Britain. Australia has some(prenominal) terms that are not used in either of the other countries, such as bloke (man) and arvo (afternoon).Also, Australians use some phrases that are combinations of British and American terms, such as rubbish truck. Rubbish is commonly used in the UK, and truck is commonly us ed in America. 30. ?????? Grammar As with American English, but unlike British English, bodied nouns are almost always unmated in construction, i. e. the government was unavailing to finalise as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shant and the use of should as in I should be happy if , common in British English, are almost neer encountered in Australian English. 31. While prepositions originally days may be omitted in American English, i. e. She resigned Thursday, they must be contain in Australian English She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i. e.Monday to Friday, as with British English, kinda than Monday through Friday in American English. 32. River follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i. e. Brisbane River, rather than the British principle of coming before the name, e. g. River Thames. When saying or writing out numbers, and is inserted before the tens and units, i. e. one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practi ce. However Australians, like Americans, are more in all likelihood to pronounce numbers such as 1200 as twelve hundred, rather than one thousand two hundred. As with American English, on the weekend and studied medication are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. pic pic