Children after the separation Essay

Further his studies of the effects of war on tykeren who were separated from their m otherwises at an early age was considered to be research done in a crisis situation. Critics argue under these circumstances it would be impossible to conclude how the identical clawren would arrest reacted push through of a war succession environment. It was alike argued that Bowlby failed to absorb account in his studies what had happened to the children after the separation.Bowlby was persuaded greatly by James Robertsons research on the effects of separation on return and child through hospitalisation. Robertsons studied children amid six months and troika days of age who were separated from their mothers due to hospitalisation. Robertson call optioned to perk up established a instalment of behaviour that either children would pass through. This sequence consisted of distress, were children behaved in a sick of(p) manner. Despair whereby the child seems to lose hope of finding there bewildered parent. Lastly, the child dis melt down detachment type behaviour, refusing anyone to be get laid involved with them. Robertson reason disclose that separation from their mother was harmful.In 1971 Klein and Stern studied why parents exclaim their children. They put evidence in their studies that a high percentage of mistreat children had been born prematurely. Because these children were put into an incubator and separated from their parents an adhesion was un qualified to develop, resulting in later abuse toward the children. The study cerebrate that there is a life-and-death outcome when bails non formed adequately would non be able to be re-formed. This is of considerable importance to social work in coitus to the modern day understanding of child abuse as barely research has shown that many another(prenominal) abusers were once abused themselves.Klaus & Kennell (1976) two paediatricians put in the lead the supposition that they too countd th ere was a critical period when attachment took straddle, this was immediately after birth, when the mother was physiologically pre-disposed to bond with her infant. It was during this time that the fortissimo of the attachment was determined.The Ameri displace National Center for Clinical Programs supports Bowlbys picture of motherlove. They propose that a parent who realises they are going to have a long-term relationship with their child depart put more into the caregiving and interaction, as opposed to a substitute care giver who may not be so motivated as they see many children come and go and therefore do not build up a caring relationship with children. This conceit has implications for fostering as a take may be lack of care or favouritism towards other children in their care.John & Elisabeth Newson (1986) point out that one function of a parent is to act as a memory store for the children to play back and compare experiences. Children in a care chastiseting without a key adult with whom they have a close relationship with will be unable to build upon past experiences and this may have an strike on their emotional development.Many studies have looked at whether attachment is instinctive, as Bowlby had believed.Konrad Lorenz (1935) agreed that attachment was instinctive when he put forward his work theory. His observations revealed that newly hatched goslings follow the starting line thing they saw, this could be a human or other object and there was a skeleton critical period early in the goslings life when this would occur and was found to be irreversible. Lorenzs believed this was biological, a factor of evolution that ensures the young of all species are able to attach to someone for survival, and was relevant to the way macrocosm form attachments in relation to it being an instinctive behaviour. Critics of his theory (Sluckin 1961 and Bateson 1964) have shown that if a young bird is kept isolated it occlusions unimprinted beyond Lorenzs critical period and imprinting can take place after the critical period has passed. This casts doubt on Lorenzs claim that imprinting processes are instinctive. Many researchers now believe that imprinting is really a process of rapid learning (MacFarlane 1975)In contrast to the theory that attachment is instinctive Colin Turnbull and Margaret Mead when studying families in various African tribes cogitate that they saw no signs of instinctive love or affection between parents and children. It was quite normal for many children to be left to fend for themselves many were even killed as they were thought of as burdens by their parents. The researchers came to believe attachment to be a learnt process that we internalise from observing our own mothers behaviour, and if not learnt properly for example through illness or as in the tribes case through a different set of family norms and lifestyles, then no bonding or emotional attachment can occur.In New York in 1943 Goldfarb conducted a study of orphans. Two pigeonholings of fifteen orphans were matched for age, sex and social background of their parents. The orphans of group A had been fostered before guild months old. The orphans in group B had spent at least their first three years in an orphanage before they were fostered. Goldfarb visited each child at ages three, six, eight and twelve years and measured their development with control to intelligence, language skills, social maturity and their ability to form relationships. Goldfarb found that every child in group A did better than those in group B leading to the conclusion that a normal family home is crucial to emotional and cognitive development. Critics of this study argue that the children may not have had the same intelligence to begin with and that the children in Group B did not have the stimulation of a family for as long a period as those children in Group A.Harlow & Zimmerman conducted studies on a group of rhesus monkey monkeys. Their studie s consisted of isolating young monkeys for three months, six months or twelve months. The researchers concluded that the behaviour of the monkeys who had been isolated for twelve months was proportionately worse than those who had been isolated for three months. The behaviour of all the monkeys who had suffered isolation was seen to be disturbed.The same researchers also located monkeys in a cage with surrogate mothers, a gentlewoman do of wire with a feeding bottle and a doll do of wood and towelling without a feeding bottle. The monkeys spent equal amounts of time with each surrogate mother. The studies showed that the monkeys preferred to cling to the towelling doll even if it meant they did not have a feeding bottle. This led the researchers to believe that warm contact is of critical importance as a acquire for the monkeys and leads to affectionate responses. Critics of both these studies question the relevance of animal studies to human behaviour.Bowlbys influential theor y managed to link together the evolutionary focus of modification with the psychodynamic and behavioural importance of social relationships during infancy and childhood. (Hollin 95)A measure of its influence can be gained from the action of the World Health Organisation in 1955 stating that Permanent damage can be done to the emotional wellness of babies and children when put into nurseries or sent to child-minders. The WHO report had many consequences and resulted in hemorrhoid of practices regarding child care and childrens needs being changed. Women were encouraged to stay at home and were made to feel guilty and bad mothers if the went out to work. (Which suited the government at the time, as they needed these vacated jobs for men)Family Allowance payments were also introduced as a further inducement to keep women from going out to workMaternity wards encouraged siblings to stay with their mother, whilst childrens wards encouraged mothers to stay.A main influence on social work practice was the idea that a bad home is better that the best institution which resulted in less fostering and removal of children from poor if not dangerous situations at home.Bowlbys findings were influential but controversial and became the starting point for further studies. Some studies began to disagree with Bowlby, Fraiberg in 1974 argued that it was possible to strengthen an attachment Parents of stratagem children who did not experience eye contact with their infant felt spurned and consequently were unable to develop a strong attachment to their children. When taught to figure their childs hand movements, it was found the bond could be strengthened. fundamental interaction was thought to be the important element in developing the attachment.